Listening for a Word of Compassion … Together
(Matthew 22.34-40)
A reflection by Dave Shull
Spirit of Peace United Church of Christ
Sammamish, Washington
The 18th Sunday in Ordinary Time: July 31, 2011
The seventh in a summer series on topics the congregation has asked to hear reflections about. This morning’s theme: What are critical stages in the evolution of the New Testament, and, what authority does the New Testament have for Christians?
A September Wednesday in 1984.
A hundred twenty of us sit in the biggest classroom on the divinity school campus, waiting for the first New Testament class to start. We’d heard Professor Malherbe did not suffer fools gladly. He walks into the room stiff and erect, like the former officer in the South African military he is. He looks out at us and smiles. He opens the class with a prayer. Then he orders, “Open your Bibles to the book of Titus.”
I don’t know what the other students are thinking. All I know is I say to myself, “I know Titus is a really short book toward the end of the New Testament. But I have no clue what books it’s between.”
I start leafing through my new study Bible. I draw comfort from the fact that some students around me are doing the same thing.
After a few moments, Professor Malherbe smiles a big smile and asks, “What’s all this mindless fluttering of pages…?”
The New Testament isn’t very long.
All 27 books of the New Testament have as many verses as the Old Testament books of Psalms, Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel
(Jaroslav Pelikan, Whose Bible Is It?, Penguin, 2005, p. 101).
But on that September morning 27 years ago, I still couldn’t find the book of Titus. Even though it’s not very long, there’s nothing simple about trying to listen for the living word of God in the New Testament. The book of Titus shows us why.
The official name of this book is The Letter of Paul to Titus. But that’s even confusing. Because most scholars don’t think Paul wrote it. They think some followers of Jesus wrote it to tone down the radical nature of Paul’s earlier letters. Like his letter to Philemon. The Letter of Paul of Philemon is the shortest book in the New Testament. It has just 25 verses. All scholars believe Paul wrote this letter.
Paul has converted a runaway slave named Onesimus – a name which means useful. Paul has come to love him. He believes Onesimus would be an effective evangelist. So Paul writes to Philemon, who owns Onesimus.
In a roundabout way, Paul says to Philemon:
Since you’re a follower of Jesus, do you see how you can justify keeping Onesimus as a slave? As a follower of Jesus, isn’t it your duty to free him and treat him as a brother?
Paul’s words are clear. He says, Philemon, it won’t work for you to all Onesimus your ‘spiritual’ brother. We are all free in Christ – and that means physical and social freedom as well.
(Marcus Borg and John Dominic Crossan, The First Paul, HarperOne, 2009, p. 40.)
So Paul’s letter to Philemon says Christians should own slaves and Christian slaves should be freed.
But some followers of Jesus were really afraid what the Roman Empire would do if Christians started freeing all their slaves. So some followers of Jesus decided to write some letters that tried to say slavery was okay. And they signed Paul’s name to them so followers of Jesus would take them seriously.
Listen to how the message of Philemon has been changed in this passage from The Letter of Paul to the Colossians. In this letter t0 this church in modern-day Turkey, the writer says:
Slaves, do what you’re told by your earthly masters. And don’t just do the minimum that will get you by. Do your best. Work from the heart for your real Master, for God, confident that you’ll get paid in full when you come into your inheritance. Keep in mind always that the ultimate Master you’re serving is Christ. The sullen slave who does shoddy work will be held responsible. Being Christian doesn’t cover up bad work. And masters, treat your servants considerately. Be fair with them. Don’t forget for a minute that you, too, serve a Master – God in heaven.
(Colossians 3.22-4.1; The Message).
The writer of this letter gives slaves four verses of advice, and slave-owners only one…
(Borg & Crossan, p. 46).
There seems to be a big difference between what these two letters say about slavery. But weren’t not done yet. We’ve got to look at what it says in our new buddy – the letter to Titus. (Which, if anyone ever asks you, is in the New Testament, between II Timothy and Philemon.) Here’s what Titus says on the subject of slavery:
[Tell] slaves into being loyal workers, a bonus to their masters – no back talk, no petty thievery. Then their good character will shine through their actions, adding luster to the teacher of our Savior God
(Titus 2.9-10).
That’s it.
So we start with the radical Paul of the letter to Philemon, who says Christian slave-owners must free their Christian slaves. Then a more conservative group puts Paul’s name on the letter to the Colossians. We hear how “good” slaves and “good” slave owners should act. Finally, a third even more reactionary group emerges that either thinks slavery is okay or doesn’t think freeing slaves is worth Rome arresting and killing Christians. They put Paul’s name on a letter to Titus that tells slaves, Do what you’re told. The group of people who decided what books were going to be in the New Testament put all three of these in it. What were they thinking? How are can we hear the living Word of God in three books that disagree with each other so clearly?
This brings up one of the “critical stages” in the evolution of the New Testament Dick asks about: the people who put the New Testament together didn’t value consistency. It didn’t matter to them if the books in the New Testament contradicted each other. Which means when it was formed, everyone knew the New Testament wasn’t supposed to be read literally.
Those who agreed which books were to form the New Testament didn’t see it as history. They believed these stories of Jesus should be told in a variety of ways by a variety of voices. Because, more than anything, they wanted the people who heard these stories to be grabbed by the Spirit who flowed through these words. So they might follow Jesus and form communities with others who want to follow him.
(Luke Timothy Johnson, The Writings of the New Testament, Fortress Press, 1986, p. 538)
There’s a second “critical stage” in the evolution of the New Testament. That’s the decision to bring a collection of stories together about Jesus Christ and what a life following him looks like, put the Church’s Good Housekeeping seal of approval on it, and say no books will be added to or taken away from this collection. This collection of “approved” sacred stories is called a canon. And because that list couldn’t be changed, we say the New Testament is a closed canon.
In the year 397, the North African Council of Carthage approved a list of books “to be read in the church as divine Scripture” that is the same 27 books in the New Testament all Christians use today
(Johnson, p. 538).
There was a lot of debate about what books should and shouldn’t be in the New Testament. An early follower of Jesus, Marcion, thought Jesus had created a new religion. He thought followers of Jesus shout cut themselves off completely from Judaism. So his Bible had no “Old Testament”; it only had some of Paul’s letters and his own version of the Gospel of Luke (Armstrong, p. 66). But Christian leaders rejected this view. Jesus was a Jew, so how could they ignore the Old Testament?
There were a number of reasons a particular book did or didn’t make the cut to the Final 27. All the book being considered had been around for quite a while. They had been read in churches. In order to be chosen for the canon, a book had to be one which had proven it had the power to help deepen their ties as a community local churches. Another question: A hundred years from now, could this book lead people follow Jesus? Or was its appeal limited to a particular time and place? Books were chosen for the canon if early Christian leaders believed they were flexible and powerful enough to continue to shape and inspire present and future communities of Jesus’ followers
(Johnson, pp. 542-4).
Of course some of the decisions around which books did and didn’t get into the canon were political. All human decision-making involves politics and power (Johnson, p. 543). At the same time, it’s clear that many of the books that were chosen for the canon are very threatening to those in power. So if the only motivation of those who chose what was in the canon was to keep people in line, they would have left a lot of books out that are among the Final 27.
So one “critical stage” in the evolution of the New Testament was the decision in the fourth century that having books that were consistent wasn’t nearly as important as having a variety of books that could draw people to follow Jesus. And another “critical stage” was the decision to bring a collection of books together as the church’s sacred books, and then close that list to any additions or subtractions.
There’s one more stage I’d like to speak to. It addresses the second part of Dick’s question about what authority the New Testament has for Christians.
Three years ago, I didn’t even know this part of New Testament history existed. But if Christians could put it into practice, I think it would change the face of Christianity and the history of the world.
St. Augustine was the bishop of Hippo, which is in modern-day Algeria. In the 400s, he came up with an idea about how to listen for the Spirit’s voice in the Bible. He got this idea from some of the best-known words in the New Testament. Words from Jewish sacred stories in Leviticus and Numbers which Jesus was raised on.
Listen for a Word from God.
When the Pharisees heard how Jesus had bested the Sadducees, they gathered their forces for an assault. One of the religion scholars spoke for them, posing a question they hoped would show him up:
“Teacher, which command in God’s Law is the most important?”
Jesus said, “’Love the Lord your God with all your passion and prayer and intelligence.’ This is the most important, the first on any list. But there is a second to set alongside it: ‘Love others as well as you love yourself.’
These two commands are pegs; everything in God’s Law and the Prophets hangs from them.”
(Matthew 22.34-40, The Message © 2003 Eugene Peterson)
In these words, Augustine heard Jesus say that following him and following God is about one and only one thing: living with compassion. That means compassion is the message of every word and story in the Bible. Sixteen hundred years ago, Augustine realized that, no matter what the author of a passage in the Bible originally meant, the only way we can interpret it is to find a way for it to move us toward being more compassionate. Augustine said if any words in the Bible seem to give us permission to hate or judge or hurt another, then we have to change the way we interpret those words. Augustine said love is “the beginning and end of the Bible”; so followers of Jesus must make every passage in the Bible offer a word of love. Using any words of the Bible to spread hatred is illegitimate.
(Karen Armstrong, The Bible: A Biography, Grove Press, 2007. p. 124).
Religion scholars call Muslims, Jews, and Christians “people of the book”. Our three faiths have sacred stories that call us to live in particular ways. When we worship the words of these stories and try to keep them saying the same thing forever, we create a fundamentalism which often turns words of life into weapons. When the Spirit no longer moves through these words to all us to a larger compassion, these words of life become instruments of death.
But when we pray and study these sacred stories, their words and images break us open. These stories have the power to do what the people who put the New Testament canon together hoped and prayed. Sixteen hundred years later, these stories still open us to discover and trust God has yet more light and truth to break forth from them. God’s light and truth living in these stories lead us to compassionate living. When we live compassion, the world changes.
What this means is you and I are the next “critical stage” in the evolution of the New Testament. These stories of Jesus and what it means to be a community that gathers to follow him have inspired people to acts of private and public compassion they never would have imagined themselves doing. The only way these sacred stories will have the power to keep inspiring followers of Jesus to walk in his way is if we keep listening for a word of compassion in them … and do that together. What if we created ways to come together in small and large gatherings, simply to listen to our sacred stories in the Bible … so those stories can enter us and find a home in us? And so we can argue with them, struggle with them, pray them, talk with each other about what we hear … and listen together for the word of compassion they carry. The word of compassion we hear might be a word of compassion no one has heard in that story before. But a word that the Spirit of Christ breaks us open to hear. And share.
So we become the next “critical stage” in the evolution of the New Testament. Hearers and speakers of a word that too often is twisted into a weapon of hate. Hearers and speakers of a word that brings life. Because it brings Jesus Christ alive. Here and now. For people who see a broken world. And know compassion is the only way to heal it.
Amen.